HOW YOU CAN GET YOURSELF CONFIRMED ABOUT" PREGNANCY"

—It is a condition in females when she carries a developing embryo or foetus in the uterus, when an ovum is fertilized by a spermatozoa.

—The pregnancy is most likely to take place between 14-45yrs.

—But has been reported much earlier & later also. 

MLI: -

1.Women pleads pregnancy to avoid attendance in court.

2.To avoid execution ( Sec 416 Cr.p.c )

3. Feigns  pregnancy after death of her husband.

4.Divorce

5.Blackmail to compel marriage

6.Infanticide

7.Cases of alleged concealment of birth or pregnancy.

—Written consent after explaining reason and consequences of examination.

DIAGNOSIS

—Signs of pregnancy in the living

1.Presumptive signs

2.Probable signs

3.Positive signs

PRESUMPTIVE SIGN

—Subjective in character.

1.Amenorrhea.

2.Morning sickness: end of 1st month

3.Changes in breasts: characteristic in primi.                 tenseness and tingling    - early weeks  increase in size  -  after  2nd month  Montgomery’s tubercles – end of 2nd month  colostrum – in 3rd month   silvery lines / striae  - after 6 months 

4.Pigmentation of skin, linea nigra, dark line extends from pubis  to umbilicus.

5.Quickening: 16-20 weeks

Changes in the breasts [8-12 weeks]

             Size enlarges
Become full and tender
Superficial veins become prominent
Nipples becomes larger, erect
Areola becomes pigmented
Sebaceous glands becomes prominent around areola-
Montgomery's tubercles
Secretion apears[12wk]
Secondary areola develops[20wk]
Stria albicans develop[24wk]

7. Changes in the vagina,

Chadwick’s  or Jackquemier’s sign

 increased vascularity and venous stasis cause mucus membrane turn to violet and blue – 4th week.

7.   Urinary disturbances.

8.Fatigue

9.Sympathetic disturbances